US corporate culture has a stronger sense of hierarchy than many other countries. It is an environment where one can get fired quickly and suddenly and that instills a lot of obedience and discipline (if not outright fear) in employees.

I don't even think you need a strong sense of hierarchy. The meaning of the word would apply anywhere.

I think that term can be / is used for individuals at companies.

LOL. The military isn't the only organization with a hierarchy.