After single-fact memorization, concept-driven cards force retrieval of multiple related ideas and apply them to real-world critical thinking.

Examples:

- Cloze: "Swelling of the optic disc is called [c1::papilledema]"

Concept-based:

- Front: "Papilledema (optic disk swelling) - use the pathophysiology to explain what situations you would see this in generally."

- Back: "Anything causing central retinal vein drainage ↓ (e.g., high ICP or central retinal vein occlusion)."

- Extra field: """ Anything causing central retinal vein drainage ↓ (e.g., high ICP or central retinal vein occlusion) → back-up of blood into the capillaries of the optic nerve/disk → hydrostatic pressure ↑ → transudate of fluid leaking across the capillaries → optic nerve/disk swelling (optic disk swelling = papilledema).

Recall that the optic nerve (and thus the optic disk) drains into the central retinal vein, which ultimately drains into the cerebral circulation. """