I think it's also worth mentioning mtr, which is what I use much more frequently than traceroute. It can help diagnose intermittent packet loss, and gives you an averaged sense of how things flow.

This article from APNIC explains more about mtr and how to read it (plus some interesting details about how MPLS can obscure true paths)

https://blog.apnic.net/2022/03/28/how-to-properly-interpret-....

Also worth noting: It's also sometimes useful to trace with UDP, and many routers will drop ICMP selectively under strain.

Nice article, and excellent presentation!