the first key insight here is that brakes can generate much more friction against the wheel than the tire can against any surface you're driving on. this makes the tires the limiting factor for stopping distance, not the brakes. the only exceptions to this rule are very old (like pre-1980s) cars, cars that desperately need new brake pads, and brakes that have overheated from heavy use on a track or riding them down a long hill.
the second key insight is that tires generate the most friction when they are allowed to slip only a small amount. different surfaces have different optimal slip amounts, but you never want to lock up the wheels completely.
gravel does make a difference here. abs is typically tuned for optimal performance on pavement, so it's at least theoretically possible for a skilled human driver to outperform older abs implementations on gravel. the average driver panic stopping is very unlikely to beat abs though. being a lower traction surface, it's also much easier to lock up the wheels on gravel. there's no reason to use the ebrake and especially not to force the transmission into park unless you know for a fact that the main brake pads are failing.
I'm sorry to completely beat you over the head with this explanation, but what you describe is extremely unsafe and I really hope no one reads that and tries it themselves in an emergency. the emergency stop SOP for any abs-equipped car is 1) fully depress the brake pedal, 2) focus on steering the car away from the immediate hazard or at least in a relatively straight line.
The issue is that I realized I wasn't going to stop in time while depressing the brakes, but just barely. That was when I pulled the e-brake and put the car into a spin, trying to burn energy. By that point, I was probably only doing 20-30mph. Thus I came to the train tracks almost parallel, but skidding along the road. My goal, as I was doing it, was to clip the train and get pushed along vs. shoved from the side. Then put the car in park to hopefully absorb as much of that impact as possible since I figured I might either die or lose consciousness. I wanted to be found on the road, instead of in the swamp on either side of the road.
I was incredibly lucky that day, there is no doubt about it, but, I also did a lot of insane driving during that point in my life. I knew how to handle that car in a variety of conditions from rain, gravel, snow, and ice and any mix of them.
Did I make the right decisions during those fleeting seconds? Possibly, possibly not. One thing I did have, was options. Options are something that has been taken away over the years through weird UX choices.
the second key insight is that tires generate the most friction when they are allowed to slip only a small amount. different surfaces have different optimal slip amounts, but you never want to lock up the wheels completely.
gravel does make a difference here. abs is typically tuned for optimal performance on pavement, so it's at least theoretically possible for a skilled human driver to outperform older abs implementations on gravel. the average driver panic stopping is very unlikely to beat abs though. being a lower traction surface, it's also much easier to lock up the wheels on gravel. there's no reason to use the ebrake and especially not to force the transmission into park unless you know for a fact that the main brake pads are failing.
I'm sorry to completely beat you over the head with this explanation, but what you describe is extremely unsafe and I really hope no one reads that and tries it themselves in an emergency. the emergency stop SOP for any abs-equipped car is 1) fully depress the brake pedal, 2) focus on steering the car away from the immediate hazard or at least in a relatively straight line.