>Earth and moon are separated by a distance roughly equal to 30 earth diameters.
I admit I had to look this up simply because it sounds so off. I knew both numbers but never thought about them together. The moon is so much closer than I've always perceived it to be.
The same way they work everywhere else. Its just a pressure differential and a relatively small one compared to things like high pressure gas tanks we have here on earth. The 14PSI they need to keep in vs the 0 PSI outside is relatively small compared to even something like a tubeless road bicycle tire.
Is there something in particular you're interested in?
Temperature swings affecting the seal materials are probably a bigger issue than the pressure differential. Your car's tires handle a similar ~1 atmosphere seal easily.