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Router/Access point: Matchbox, eg: TP-Link TL-WR802N (57 × 57 ×18 mm) [6] or GL-Inet GL-MT300N (58 x 58 x 25mm) [7]

WiFi USB Client: Fingernail, eg: Asus USB-AX56 adapter (25.5 x 16 x 9mm) [8]

WiFi Card Client: Postage stamp, eg: Intel Dual-Band Wireless Adapter AC-7260NGW M.2 2230 (22mm x 30mm x 2.4mm) [10]

802.11n Wireless N range: theoretically 230 ft (70 m) range indoors and 820 ft (250m) range outdoors, which is approximately 1 FIFA soccer field's (105 x 68 m) width for indoor range, and 2 soccer fields end-to-end by 3 side-to-side for outdoor range. Newer protocols do not seem to have extended the range of individual radios but rather rely on repeaters or range extender devices to provide additional coverage.

https://www.hummingbirdnetworks.com/articles/what-is-the-dis...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11#Protocol

https://publications.fifa.com/de/football-stadiums-guideline...

Some of these are slightly older devices dating from around 2020, but the sizes should generally still be approximately the same in 2025.

Router/Access point: Mobile operating systems like WebOS, Android, and iOS have had hotspot capabilites built-in since around around 2010 (Mobile Hotspot on Palm Pre and Pixi Plus in 2010 [1], Wifi Tethering in Android 2.2 Froyo in 2010 [2], and Personal Hotspot in iOS 4.3 for iPhone 4 and 3GS in 2011 [3]). Today you can configure your phone to become a personal Wifi router with one button press [4], [5].

[1] https://www.cnn.com/2010/TECH/01/07/ces.palm.pre.plus.pixi/i...

https://web.archive.org/web/20101125023042/http://articles.c...

https://archive.is/UD1Dm

[2] https://www.wired.com/2010/05/android-22-froyo-features-usb-...

https://web.archive.org/web/20140707210122/https://www.wired...

https://archive.is/kjH1N

[3] https://www.engadget.com/2011-03-09-ios-4-3-spotlight-person...

https://web.archive.org/web/20251018061108/https://www.engad...

https://archive.is/QBRod

[4] https://support.google.com/android/answer/9059108?hl=en

[5] https://support.apple.com/guide/iphone/share-your-internet-c...

For a discrete router device, TP-Link TL-WR802N (57 × 57 ×18 mm) [6] and GL-Inet GL-MT300N (58 x 58 x 25mm) [7] are matchbox-sized travel router devices that fit into the palm of your hand, cost less than $30 USD, and consume less than 2.75W (they can be run from a basic 5V, 1A USB connection).

[6] https://www.tp-link.com/us/home-networking/wifi-router/tl-wr...

https://web.archive.org/web/20250724184720/https://www.tp-li...

[7] https://www.gl-inet.com/products/gl-mt300n-v2/

https://web.archive.org/web/20250822045920/https://www.gl-in...

Wifi Client: Wifi capabilities are now built into mobile phone, TV, and many camera chipsets, there is no separate card required. If you want a separate WiFi adapter, you can buy a USB adapter that is about the size of a fingernail or 5 small coins stacked together (eg: 5 US pennies, or 5 Euro 1-cent coins), basically take the metal part of a USB-A male connector and extend or extrude it a bit. This Asus USB-AX56 adapter [8] is 25.5 x 16 x 9mm and supports WiFi 6 (802.11ax) with theoretical speeds up to 9.6 Gbps (actual real-world speeds appear closer to 800 Mbps). Streams in Wifi 6 can be up to 160MHz wide via channel bonding of up to 8 adjacent 20 MHz channels, but in practice this is only feasible in locations with low or no interference. Note that wider channels have a reduced effective range and perform poorly at a distance or through obstructions.

[8] https://www.asus.com/networking-iot-servers/adapters/all-ser...

https://web.archive.org/web/20251018061524/https://www.asus....

https://www.wi-fi.org/wi-fi-macphy

Discrete Wifi cards can still be found in some laptop computers (although many Wifi cards are now soldered down), one of the more recent (introduced around 2013 to 2015) and smaller sizes is M.2 2230 (22mm x 30mm x 2.4mm) which is also the form factor for some M.2 PCI-Express SSDs (solid state storage drives, typically flash devices). These are about the size of a postage stamp, weigh around 2.3 grams, and cost around $20 USD or less.

One example is Intel AX210 [9] which supports Wi-Fi 6E, on 3 bands: 2.4 / 5 / 6GHz in a 2x2 configuration (2 TX transmit and 2 RX receive antennas) at speeds of 2.4 Gbps, and also features Bluetooth 5.3.

[9] https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/products/sku/204836/...

A popular previous-generation device is Intel Dual-Band Wireless Adapter AC-7260NGW [10] with good support for GNU/Linux, again with a M.2 2230 (22mm x 30mm x 2.4mm) form-factor approximately the size of a postage stamp, supporting Wifi 5 802.11ac with up to 867 Mbps theoretical bandwidth on dual bands in a 2x2 configuration (2 TX transmit and 2 RX receive radios), and 433 Mbps per stream. Channels can be up to 80MHz wide via channel bonding of 4 adjacent 20 MHz channels.

An alternative, earlier form factor was Half Mini-PCI-Express, for example Intel Dual-Band Wirelss Adapter AC-7260HMW [10] at 26.80 x 30 x 2.4 mm.

[10] https://www.mouser.com/datasheet/2/612/dual-band-wireless-ac...

https://web.archive.org/web/20251018061520/https://www.mouse...


If you can install software on the computer and have an Android 11 or newer phone, one way is to use the adb tool from android sdk tools to create a connection over the local wifi network which you can adb push folders over.

# Initial Setup

1. Install Android Platform Tools from: https://developer.android.com/tools/releases/platform-tools#... and verify that you can execute the adb tool.

2. Connect the Android device and the computer to the same Wi-Fi network

3. Also connect the Android device to the computer via USB cable (just for this initial setup)

4. Pair the phone with the computer and enable Wireless debugging as described here: https://developer.android.com/tools/adb#connect-to-a-device-...

# Subsequent usage (does not require USB cable):

5. Toggle the Wireless Debugging quick setting toggle to enable adb connections from your computer to your phone

6. Retrieve the Android device's IP address in Settings → About → Status.

7. On the computer command line type: adb connect ip-address-of-device:5555

8. Push the folder to the Android device: adb push /path/to/folder/to/copy/on/computer /sdcard/path/to/destination/on/android/device


One option is https://github.com/akovacs/uploadserver - it's basically a nicer version of:

    python -m http.server 8000
You first start one server on a desktop/laptop which has the software, and then any client (Android, iOS, PlayStation, Kindle, etc) with a web browser (no need to install any client software) can upload or download files from the web GUI.

You can download prebuilt binaries for x86-64 Linux, Windows, or Mac OS (sorry, no prebuilt binaries for Apple Silicon, but they could be added if there is sufficient demand) from https://github.com/akovacs/uploadserver/releases/ or compile from source using a nightly rust toolchain if you prefer.

Compared to cloud services or `python -m http.server 8000`, this is extremely fast since the server is written in rust, it is fairly simple (compiled and stripped binary is typically less than 3MB), it sends everything over local LAN, it seems to handle large files (over 4GB) fairly well, and you only need to install the software on one machine.

For additional details, please see: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39665095


A useful utility for sharing (upload and download) files over a local LAN that a friend wrote is https://github.com/akovacs/uploadserver - it's basically a nicer version of:

    python -m http.server 8000
You first start one server on a desktop/laptop which has the software, and then any client (Android, iOS, PlayStation, Kindle, etc) with a web browser (no need to install any client software) can upload or download files from it.

You can download prebuilt binaries for x86-64 Linux, Windows 7 or higher, or Mac OS 10.7 Lion or higher (sorry, no prebuilt binaries for Apple Silicon, but they could be added if there is sufficient demand) from https://github.com/akovacs/uploadserver/releases/ or compile from source using a nightly rust toolchain if you prefer.

Start the file server on a desktop machine:

    chmod +x upload_server
    ./upload_server
Determine your machine's IP address using:

    # Linux
    hostname -I

    # Mac
    ifconfig

    # Windows
    ipconfig

Navigate to the server's ip address port 8000 (indicated by the hostname -I command you ran earlier) in the web browser of your choice on any device (no need to download or install any client applications) and upload files using the web UI or directly via curl:

    curl -X POST --data-binary @file_to_upload.txt http://192.168.1.X:8000/uploaded_file.txt
Then download the file to another machine or mobile device either from the web GUI or via a commandline tool:

    curl http://192.168.1.X:8000/uploads/uploaded_file.txt --output downloaded_file.txt
If you don't have a local network, you can setup an adhoc hotspot on any Android 9+ (Settings > Network & internet > Hotspot & tethering https://support.google.com/android/answer/9059108) or iPhone (Settings > Personal Hotspot), then connect to it using any WiFi-enabled device.

Compared to cloud services or `python -m http.server 8000`, this is extremely fast since the server is written in rust, it is fairly simple (compiled and stripped binary is typically less than 3MB), it sends everything over local LAN, it seems to handle large files (over 4GB) fairly well, and you only need to install the software on one machine.


I would have to disagree. If you have a larger system, then onboarding, design discussions, and communicating changes will be more efficient if you have a consistent language and up-to-date conceptual understanding of the system compared to having to perform code archaeology and reverse-engineer the previous maintainer's intent each time you want to change something.

https://www.unravelled.dev/how-architecture-diagrams-enable-...

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37222855


That's what I would call aspirational usage. Ask yourself is your best use as a 200$ and hour senior architect to be writing onboarding documentation?

I've been in plenty of companies with diagrams and universally they were incomplete, not that informative or helpful, typically outdated, and kind of obvious. That's because they are typically rush jobs exactly because the best people that could be doing these diagrams have way more important/urgent/valuable things to do.


Very cool, thank you! Creating diagrams using code rather than using drag-and-drop tools might be a good idea for more complex architectures as described here: https://www.ilograph.com/blog/posts/its-time-to-drop-drag-an...

- Can check the textual description of the diagram into version control and track how it changes over time

- Can easily diff 2 versions of the same diagram

- Adding elements to a large existing diagram using WYSIWYG tools can be tricky (eg: you may have to move or reroute existing elements to make enough space)

Another cool idea is to create multiperspective diagrams with different views for different purposes (eg: code structure, deployment, network architecture, security):

- Clarity. By breaking up diagrams into perspectives, diagram authors can bring much more clarity to a system. Individual concerns can be spread out over many perspectives, allowing each the space it needs without interfering with others.

- Extensibility. Multiperspective diagrams share a model, so creating additional perspectives from an existing diagram is incredibly easy, far easier than starting from scratch each time.

- Maintainability. A corollary to the above, individual perspectives can be modified without affecting the others. Diagrams that are easy to maintain get maintained, while diagrams that aren’t fall out of date quickly. Multiperspective diagrams greatly help in the fight to keep documentation up-to-date.

This is a cool demo: https://app.ilograph.com/demo.ilograph.Stack%2520Overflow%25...

For other textual diagramming tools and ideas, please see this thread: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37222855

Disclaimer: I'm not affiliated with Ilograph, just stumbled onto their blog and I think they have a lot of cool ideas.


If you don't have a network connection, you can setup an adhoc hotspot on any Android 9+ (Settings > Network & internet > Hotspot & tethering https://support.google.com/android/answer/9059108) or iPhone (Settings > Personal Hotspot), then connect to it using any WiFi-enabled device.

A useful filesharing utility that a friend wrote is https://github.com/akovacs/uploadserver - it's basically a nicer version of:

    python -m http.server 8000
Download prebuilt binaries for Linux, Windows, Mac OS from https://github.com/akovacs/uploadserver/releases/ or install from source if you prefer

Determine your machine's IP address using:

    # Linux
    hostname -I

    # Mac
    ifconfig

    # Windows
    ipconfig
Start the file server, and then navigate to it using the web browser of your choice on any device connected to the WiFi network (no need for a client application).

    chmod +x upload_server
    ./upload_server
Navigate to the server's ip address (indicated by the hostname -I command you ran earlier) port 8000 in the browser of your choice and upload files using the web UI or directly via curl:

    curl -X POST --data-binary @file_to_upload.txt http://192.168.1.X:8000/uploaded_file.txt
Then download the file to another machine or mobile device either from your web browser or via a commandline tool:

    curl http://192.168.1.X:8000/uploads/uploaded_file.txt --output downloaded_file.txt


I use qweborf. Just right click "share this over http". Then it has some settings where I can put a password.


The problem with email attachments is that they only support files up to around 25MB, while slack has a 1GB attachment limit, and if you have a slow uplink to the cloud, it could take a while to upload the file.

A friend wrote a faster and more sophisticated version of `python -m http.server 8000` in rust which also supports uploads, you can read about here: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37628347

File transfers are performed over the local network, and therefore should be very fast. If you don't have a network connection, you can just enable a Wifi hotspot on your mobile device and transfer the files over that. There is no need to install any software on the mobile device, you can just use a web browser to browse to a directory that you share over the network.


The problem with email attachments is that it only supports files up to around 25MB, and if you have a slow uplink to the cloud, it could take a while.

A friend wrote a faster and more sophisticated version of `python -m http.server 8000` in rust which also supports uploads, you can read about here: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37628347 File transfers are over the local network, and therefore should be very fast.


Just start the server using:

    python -m http.server 8000
to share a directory over a local network. Then you can point a web browser on another device to port 8000 of the server's IP address to download files. However, this can be slow for larger files.

A friend wrote a faster and more sophisticated version of `python -m http.server 8000` in rust which also supports uploads, you can read about here: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37628347


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