Or Neanderthal women lived with their tribe and their hybrid children died with that Neanderthal tribe, whereas modern human women and their hybrid children (or at least the ones who have living descendants) lived with modern human tribes and had a better chance of survival.

Actually I don't think this would be able to explain the observed evidence. Consider this path:

1. Neanderthal woman "Ann" mates with Human man "Hugh"

2. Ann gives birth to son "Ander", who is then raised with neanderthals. Notably, Ander has human Y chromosome via Hugh, but Neanderthal X chromosome via Ann.

3. Ander mates with human woman "Uma". They have a daughter, passing Neanderthal X chromosome into human population.

I realize this is a very specific path, but it would _only have to happen once_ for the neanderthal X chromosome to be introduced into the human genome. I think it is very unlikely that such a path would simply never happen across the thousands of interactions we had. And therefore I think the observed fact (no impact of neanderthal x chromosome in modern genes) can't _just_ be explained by the proposed behavior (neanderthal mothers raise their children in their neanderthal tribe)

I think there does actually have to be some sort of incompatibility, or some other very-very-high failure rate, something like 99.99%.

If first-order hybrids made up only a small proportion of the total population of humans and Neanderthals, then the probability that a pairing between a member of a modern human tribe and a member of a Neanderthal tribe would involve a first-order hybrid is quite small. Like if there are 2 hybrids in a 150-strong tribe at the frontier, and a cross-tribe pairing happens, there is about a 1.3% chance that it involves a hybrid, and half of that that the gender matches up. Even with a higher estimate of 5% hybrids in a tribe, it's a 1.67% chance for a match with the right gender.

And when that chance is realised, and a second-order hybrid is produced, the high child mortality rates of the time would put downward pressure on their numbers. Not zero, but a couple of orders of magnitudes lower than first-order hybrids.

First-order hybrid being having one parent from a Neanderthal tribe, other from a human tribe. Second-order hybrid additionally having at least one parent as a first-order hybrid (as in your step 3).

Also, there actually is Neanderthal DNA in the modern X chromosome. If in your step 2, Ann gives birth to a daughter Andrea, the daughter would have a Neanderthal X chromosome, and she can pass it on within her tribe. But she would have no Neanderthal mtDNA, which is only passed on maternally.

But there is other data that this model does not explain. Like, why is there no Neanderthal contribution to the modern Y chromosome?

I don’t have much experience in this field, so I can’t give satisfying answers to your questions. However, you said two things that I find very interesting:

> Also, there actually is Neanderthal DNA in the modern X chromosome.

> why is there no Neanderthal contribution to the modern Y chromosome?

I think both of these claims contradict the parent! I’m not sure which is correct, I’ve never looked into this before, and was simply trusting that bediger4000‘s assertion about the X chromosome was true. But it seems the opposite is true?

Internet Explorer used to support any language that Windows Script Host could run. By default, that was JScript and VBScript, but there were third-party engines for Python, Perl, Ruby, Lua, and many others.

Possibly disabled now as they announced VBScript would be disabled in 2019.

Also Visual Basic: https://news.microsoft.com/source/1996/10/28/microsoft-intro...

That was something else entirely. Not for scripting but to write compiled ActiveX browser add-ons.

Yes, we used the plugins from ActiveState on Tcl.

This is exactly what we need!

> short-lived

Outlook was doing this even 3-4 years ago.

3-4 years ago I hope it was actual emojis, and not Wingdings.

It was Wingdings.

But they do use Unicode emojis now.

And how many of them are using desktop Linux?

According to their site, they used to support Samsung a long time ago but Samsung made changes in newer handsets that closed off access to the secure element.

> Oppression would be quite impossible throughout history if people weren't willing to oppress their own kind to the benefit of others.

Isn't the opposite far more common? When oppression happens, it is typically people oppressing the out-group for the benefit of the in-group.

My impression is that the foreign/out group delegate the actual oppressing to local representatives, who are more than eager to do it towards their own kind.

If all of your scripts run in the same venv (for a given user), can you inject that into the PATH and rely on env just finding the right interpreter?

I suppose it would also need env to be able to handle paths that have spaces in them.

My reading of their comment is that a proof space is a concept where a human guesses that a proof of some form q exists, and the AI searches a space S(q) where most points may be not valid proofs, but if there is a valid proof, it will hopefully be found.

So it is not a space of proofs in the sense that everything in a vector space is a vector. More like a space of sequences of statements, which have some particular pattern, and one of which might be a proof.

So it's not a proof space then. It's some computable graph where the edges are defined by standard autoregressive LLM single step execution & some of the vertices can be interpreted by theorem provers like Lean, Agda, Isabelle/HOL, Rocq, etc. That's still not any kind of space of proofs. Actually specifying the real logic of what is going on is much less confusing & does not lead readers astray w/ vague terms like proof spaces.

English version: https://github.com/datascale-ai/data_engineering_book/blob/m...

Oh thanks! I've switched the top URL to that now. Submitted URL was https://github.com/datascale-ai/data_engineering_book.

I hope xx123122 won't mind my mentioning that they emailed us about this post, which originally got caught in a spam filter. I invited them to post a comment giving the background to the project but they probably haven't seen my reply yet. Hopefully soon, given that the post struck a chord!

Edit: they did, and I've moved that post to the toptext.

Huge thanks, dang! I really appreciate you rescuing the post from the filter and switching the URL to the English version.And thanks for pinning the context comment; it helps a lot since the project is quite extensive. We're thrilled it struck a chord.

Thanks for sharing the direct link! Much appreciated.

Something strange I noticed with the Malayalam course (maybe also other languages with a non-Latin script): when a word is shown, two Latin transliterations are shown underneath. The second one looks like an IAST or ISO-15919 transliteration. The first one is often wrong and sometimes even nonsensical. Why not have only the second transliteration?